Does Checking Your Own Credit Score Hurt Your Credit Score?

Credit can be a confusing concept. But if you want to understand your credit scores, you can start by focusing on high-impact factors like your credit card utilization, payment history and any derogatory marks on your reports.

According to TransUnion’s July 2017 credit literacy survey, a lot of people think so. Of the 1,002 U.S. consumers included in the survey, nearly half thought that checking your own credit scores has the same effect as when a lender checks them.

Fortunately, this isn’t the case. As many know, checking your credit scores on Credit Karma is reported as a soft inquiry and it won’t negatively impact them.

But that got us thinking: What other questions or misconceptions do people have about credit? The factors that actually make up a credit score may be a lot different from what you think.

Let’s dig a bit deeper.

What’s in a credit score?

Below are the factors that are typically used to calculate your credit scores, by the level of impact they can have on your scores. Because there are different credit scoring models, how factors are weighted can vary slightly from model to model.

High impact

Credit card utilization: This refers to how much of your available credit you’re using at any given time. It’s determined by dividing your total credit card balances by your total credit card limits.

Most experts recommend keeping your overall credit card utilization below 30 percent. Why? Because lower credit utilization rates suggest to creditors that you can use credit responsibly without relying too much on it. Individuals whose credit card utilization soars above 30 percent may be more likely to fail to repay their loans than those who keep their balances low.

Another benefit of keeping your utilization low? Having available credit can help if something unexpected arises which you then have to pay for.

Payment history: This is represented as a percentage showing how often you’ve made on-time payments. Paying bills on time shows lenders and creditors that you’re reliable and more likely to pay back your debts.

Late or missed payments can significantly harm your credit scores, so it’s important to try to pay all your bills on time.

Derogatory marks: As of July 1, 2017, about half of all tax liens and nearly all civil judgments have been removed from consumers’ credit reports. That’s good news, because having those derogatory marks on your reports can lower your credit scores. Other derogatory marks that may affect your credit include accounts in collections, bankruptcies and foreclosures.

Medium impact

Age of credit history: This factor shows how long you’ve been managing credit. It doesn’t refer to — as some may think — your actual age.

While your average age of accounts isn’t typically the most important factor used to calculate your credit scores, it’s important to think about. Closing your oldest credit card account, for example, could end up negatively impacting your scores.

To sum up: The longer you manage your credit responsibly, the more you demonstrate your creditworthiness to lenders.

Low impact

Total accounts: This refers to the number of credit cards, loans, mortgages and other lines of credit you have.

Lenders generally like to see that you have used a mix of accounts on your credit responsibly. It generally shows that other lenders have trusted you with credit.

Hard inquiries: Hard inquiries usually occur when you apply for a new line of credit, such as a loan, credit card or mortgage, but can also take place when, for example, you rent an apartment.

A lot of hard inquiries on your credit reports within a short time period may suggest that you’re desperate for credit or aren’t getting approved by other lenders.

Hard inquiries can slightly lower your credit scores. It might seem counterintuitive: To build your credit, you need lines of credit — so why should your credit scores take a hit because you applied for a new account?

Some experts say that any time you take on a new credit obligation, there’s an element of risk involved. Credit models see that and want to understand if you’re able to handle that new obligation.

After you’ve made on-time payments for a few months, the impact of that hard inquiry should go away or diminish, experts say.

What Factors Affect A Credit Score?

From opening new accounts to making a late payment, there are a lot of things that can affect your credit scores. Learn which factors are generally most important, and which may only have a minor impact on your scores.

If you have a goal to reach a particular score or just want to learn more about credit scores in general, it’s important to know what affects your credit scores and how your actions could improve or hurt your creditworthiness.

Although there are many credit scoring models, all the scores are trying to figure out the same thing — the likelihood of you paying your bill on time, or even at all. And whether you’re looking at a FICO® or VantageScore® credit score, your scores are based on the same information: the data in your credit reports.

While various credit scoring models may weigh each factor differently, the leading ones, FICO® and VantageScore®, place similar relative importance on the following five categories of information. We’ve ranked them by which ones are often most important to the average consumer.

1. Most important: Payment history

Your payment history is one of the most important credit scoring factors.

Having a long history of on-time payments is best for your credit scores, while missing a payment could hurt them. The effects of missing payments can also increase the longer a bill goes unpaid. So a 30-day late payment might have a lesser effect than a 60- or 90-day late payment.

How much a late payment affects your credit can also vary depending on how much you owe. Don’t worry though, if you start making on-time payments and actively reduce the amount owed, then the impact on your scores can diminish over time.

If you’re having trouble making payments at all, you could also wind up with a public record, such as a foreclosure or tax lien, that ends up on your credit reports and can hurt your scores. Sometimes a single derogatory mark on your credit, such as a bankruptcy, could have a major impact.

2. Very important: Credit usage

Credit usage is also an important factor, and it’s one of the few that you may be able to quickly change to improve(or hurt) your credit health.

The amount you owe on installment loans — such as a personal loan, mortgage, auto loan or student loan — is part of the equation. However, even more important is your current credit utilization rate.

Your utilization rate is the ratio between the total balance you owe and your total credit limit on all your revolving accounts (credit cards and lines of credit). A lower utilization rate is better for your credit scores. Maxing out your credit cards or leaving part of your balance unpaid can hurt your scores by increasing your utilization rate.

Sarah Davies, senior vice president of analytics, research and product management at VantageScore®, says that for VantageScore® credit scores, your overall utilization rate is more important than the utilization rate on an individual account.

However, utilization rates on individual accounts can also affect your credit scores. This means you should pay attention to not just your overall credit utilization, but also the utilization on individual credit cards. Having a lot of accounts with balances might indicate that you’re a riskier bet for a lender.

Keep in mind that you can pay your bill in full each month and still appear to have a high utilization rate. The calculation uses the balance that your credit card issuers report to the bureaus, often around the time it sends you your monthly statement. You may have to make early payments throughout your billing cycle if you want to use a lot of credit and maintain a low utilization rate.

3.  Length of credit history

A variety of factors related to the length of your credit history can affect your credit, including the following:

• The age of your oldest account

• The age of your newest account

• The average age of your accounts

• Whether you’ve used an account recently

Opening new accounts could lower your average age of accounts, which may hurt your scores. However, the hit to your scores could also be more than offset by lowering your utilization rate and by increasing your total credit limit, making sure to make on-time payments to the new card and adding to your credit mix.

Closed accounts can stay on your credit reports for up to 10 years and increase the average age of your accounts during that time. But once the account drops off your credit reports, it could lower this factor, and hurt your scores. The impact could be more significant if the account was also your oldest account.

4. Credit mix and types

Having experience with different types of credit, like revolving credit card accounts and installment student loans, may help improve your credit health.

Since your credit mix is a minor factor, you probably shouldn’t take out a loan and pay interest just to add to your credit mix. But if you’ve only ever had installment loans, you may want to open a credit card and use it for minor expenses that you can afford to pay off each month.

5.  Recent credit

Creditors may review your credit reports and scores when you apply to open a new line of credit. A record of this, known as an inquiry, can stay on your credit reports for up to two years.

Soft inquiries, like those that come from checking your own scores and some loan or credit card prequalifications, don’t hurt your scores.

Hard inquiries, when a creditor checks your credit before making a lending decision, can hurt your scores even if you don’t get approved for the credit card or loan. But often a single hard inquiry will have a minor effect. Unless there are other negatives marks, your scores could recover, or even rise, within a few months.

The impact of a hard inquiry may be more significant if you’re new to credit. It can also be greater if you have many hard inquiries during a short period.

Don’t be afraid to shop for loans, though. Credit scoring models recognize that consumers want to compare their options. So multiple inquiries for mortgages, auto loans and student loans from a single 14- to 45-day period (depending on the loan and credit scoring model) may be treated as a single inquiry when calculating your scores.

Bottom line

There are many credit scores, and you may not know which one a lender is going to use when considering your application. However, consumer credit scores, which are determined based on the information in your consumer credit reports, weigh factors in a similar manner. If you focus on improving these factors, you could improve your credit health across the board.

What Is A Good Credit Score?

There’s no one definition of a good credit score. That’s because there are several different credit scores that depend on different scoring models with different score ranges, and different lenders have their own standards for rating credit scores.

That being said, scores starting in the high 600s and up to the mid-700s (on a scale of 300 to 850) are generally considered to be good.

How A Good Credit Score Can Help You

A credit score is a numeric representation, based on the information in your credit reports, of how “risky” you are as a borrower. In other words, it tells lenders how likely you are to pay back the amount you take on as debt.

Credit scores are one piece of the puzzle that lenders look at to determine whether or not to lend to you. A good credit score can help you get access to a greater variety of loan offers. And if a lender approves your application for credit, a good or excellent credit score can help you qualify for lower interest rates and better terms.

In general, the higher your scores, the better your chances of getting approved for loans with more-favorable terms, including lower interest rates and fees. And this can mean significant savings over the life of the loan.

Having a good score doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll be approved for credit or get the lowest interest rates though, as lenders consider other factors, too. But understanding your credit scores could help you decide which offers to apply for — or how to work on your credit before applying.

Credit Score Ranges

There are many different credit-scoring models, and each one uses a unique formula to calculate credit scores based on the information in your credit reports. Even the best-known credit-scoring companies, FICO and VantageScore, have multiple credit-scoring models that produce different scores. (Credit Karma offers free VantageScore 3.0 credit scores from Equifax and TransUnion.)

But while there are many different credit scores, the most common models all use a scale ranging from 300 to 850. Within this scale, there are some general credit score ranges that can help you interpret what your scores mean.

Here are the credit score ranges to be aware of and what they mean for you.

Poor credit scores: 300 to low-600s

Having poor credit scores can make it difficult to get approved for a loan or unsecured credit card. But a poor credit score isn’t a financial dead end. Certain financial products, like secured credit cards, can help people who are working on building their credit. These products can be a helpful stepping-stone to accessing credit with better terms — if you use them carefully.

Be aware of potential fees and higher interest rates with credit-building products. And make sure the issuer or lender reports to the three major consumer credit bureaus — Equifax, Experian and TransUnion — so that important actions, like when you make on-time payments, can contribute to your scores.

Fair To Good Credit Scores: Low 600s - mid 700s

While you’re comparing your options, know that applying for a new loan or credit card may result in a hard inquiry, which can have a negative impact on your scores. Loans with preapproval or prequalification options can give you an idea of the terms you might qualify for ahead of time.

Very Good And Excellent Credit Scores: Above Mid 700s

People with top credit scores are the most likely to be approved for loans and credit cards with low interest rates and good repayment terms. But having very good or excellent credit scores doesn’t mean you’re a shoo-in for every loan or credit card out there. A lender could deny an application for another reason, like a high debt-to-income ratio.

Regardless of your scores, it’s a good idea to keep an eye on your credit reports so that you’ll know what lenders will see once you apply for a loan.

What Is The Highest Credit Score You Can Get?

There are lots of different credit scores with different ranges out there. But for the major consumer credit scores, generally the highest credit score you can get is 850.

Keep in mind that perfect credit scores may not be necessary to qualify for great rates on loans and mortgages. Once you’re in the “very good to excellent” range, you likely won’t see much of a difference in terms of interest rate offers from, say, a 790 to an 840. Moving from a 650 to a 700 will likely have a more significant impact, which is why the general credit score ranges are important benchmarks to consider.

How Good Should My Credit Scores Be…

To Buy A House

With today’s market, you can purchase a home with a credit score as low as 620, which is the lower end of the “good” credit range. But credit requirements vary depending on your state.

To Rent An Apartment

Prospective landlords may run a credit check before you can sign a lease, but there’s no single credit score benchmark you need to hit to be able to rent an apartment. It can depend on the factors the landlord is looking for in a tenant, as well as where you’re looking to rent.

To Get Approved For A Credit Card

It’s possible to get approved for a credit card with poor credit — or even no credit at all. Once you know what range your credit scores fall into, you can research cards that suit you and your goals.

If you have no credit, look for secured cards or cards for beginners (like student cards). If you have limited or poor credit, secured cards or cards advertised for building or rebuilding credit could be a helpful leg up. Once you’ve improved your credit, you may be able to qualify for more-enticing offers, such as rewards cards or balance transfer cards.

To Get Approved For A Car Loan

You may be able to get approved for a car loan with a poor credit score, but it could be more difficult to find one to qualify for, and you could face high interest rates. If you’re still working on your credit and can’t wait to take out a car loan, consider asking a trusted family member or friend to act as a co-signer, or see if you can put down a larger down payment.

Good credit scores can mean better terms, but it’s still worth comparison shopping.

FAQs

How do I get a good credit score?
Building a good credit score can take time. Here are some general practices we recommend that can help you stay on the right track.

• Check your reports. Knowing your scores and being aware of what’s on your credit reports is the first step to working on your credit. You can check your credit reports from Equifax and TransUnion for free on Credit Karma. Credit Karma also offers free credit monitoring.

• Pay on time. Your payment history is a major factor in your credit scores.

• Pay in full. Keeping your credit card balances low can not only save you money on interest, but can also help keep your credit utilization rate down. Your credit utilization rate is how much of your available credit you’re using. A good rule of thumb is to keep it below 30% of your total credit limit.

• Don’t close old credit accounts. A longer credit history can help increase your credit scores by showing that you understand credit and have been using it for a long time. Keeping your oldest accounts open can ensure that your overall credit history continues to age.

• Consider your credit mix. Your credit mix reflects the different types of credit you have on your reports, from credit cards to student loans. We don’t recommend applying for a loan just to get another type of credit account on your reports, but it’s good to know that this can factor into your scores.

How long does it take to get a good credit score?

It depends on where you’re starting from and what challenges you’re facing. But building good credit probably won’t happen overnight.

If you’re brand new to credit, it could take months of using beginner products like secured cards to make significant progress in the types of financial products you qualify for. If you have dings on your credit reports, like late or missed payments or a bankruptcy, it could take years for those derogatory marks to fall off and stop affecting your scores.

But even if you have years left before those derogatory marks officially fall off, you can still see significant progress. The important thing is to work steadily toward getting your credit in good shape and understand that building credit is a journey.

How do I find out what my credit scores are?

You can get your scores from Equifax and TransUnion for free on Credit Karma. Checking your own scores won’t hurt your credit. And you’re entitled to free credit reports from Equifax and TransUnion each year with details about important credit factors so that it’s easy to track your progress.